في هذا الفيديو سوف نتعلم طريقة كتابة مقالة باللغة الانجليزية عن مراكز تلوث الهواء Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated metropolitan areas كما سوف نرى أهم العبارات الانجليزية الجميلة والسهلة التي تحتاج إلى استعمال بالإضافة إلى الكلمات والمفردات في اللغة الانجليزية المهمة التي تفيد في كتابة مقالة عن مراكز تلوث الهواء Air pollution is usually concentrated in densely populated metropolitan areas , يجب معرفة أن كتابة مقالة باللغة الانجليزية تتطلب الكثير من الممارسة والكتابة, كما أن القراءة باستمرار سوف تساعدك على أن تكون الكثير من المعلومات التي تفيدك في الكتابة واكتساب مهارات الكتابة باللغة الانجليزية من أشهر الكتاب والمؤلفين الممتازين ذوي الحنكة والخبرة في كتابة مواضيع وتعابير باللغة الانجليزية.
Learn English online with the help of this free website from the British Council with games, stories, listening activities and grammar exercises. Learn English offers English grammar and extensive British English vocabulary sections along with a free English magazine and diary, games, lessons and tests Improve your English grammar, speaking, listening, reading, and vocabulary. Free resources to help you learn English, including phrase guide and vocabulary lists with sound, forums, and shopموضوع مقالة تعبير باللغة الانجليزية عن تكنولوجيا تحليل التلوث الهوائي The basic technology for analyzing air pollution The basic technology for analyzing air pollution is through the use of a variety of mathematical models for predicting the transport of air pollutants in the lower atmosphere. The principal methodologies are:
Point source dispersion, used for industrial sources.
Line source dispersion, used for airport and roadway air dispersion modeling
Area source dispersion, used for forest fires or duststorms
Photochemical models, used to analyze reactive pollutants that form smog
Visualization of a buoyant Gaussian air pollution dispersion plume as used in many atmospheric dispersion models
The point source problem is the best understood, since it involves simpler mathematics and has been studied for a long period of time, dating back to about the year 1900. It uses a Gaussian dispersion model for buoyant pollution plumes to forecast the air pollution isopleths, with consideration given to wind velocity, stack height, emission rate and stability class (a measure of atmospheric turbulence).[62][63] This model has been extensively validated and calibrated with experimental data for all sorts of atmospheric conditions.
The roadway air dispersion model was developed starting in the late 1950s and early 1960s in response to requirements of the National Environmental Policy Act and the U.S. Department of Transportation (then known as the Federal Highway Administration) to understand impacts of proposed new highways upon air quality, especially in urban areas. Several research groups were active in this model development, among which were: the Environmental Research and Technology (ERT) group in Lexington, Massachusetts, the ESL Inc. group in Sunnyvale and California, California Air Resources Board group in Sacramento, California. The research of the ESL group received a boost with a contract award from the United States Environmental Protection Agency to validate a line source model using sulfur hexafluoride as a tracer gas. This program was successful in validating the line source model developed by ESL inc. Some of the earliest uses of the model were in court cases involving highway air pollution, the Arlington, Virginia portion of Interstate 66 and the New Jersey Turnpike widening project through East Brunswick, New Jersey.
Area source models were developed in 1971 through 1974 by the ERT and ESL groups, but addressed a smaller fraction of total air pollution emissions, so that their use and need was not as widespread as the line source model, which enjoyed hundreds of different applications as early as the 1970s. Similarly photochemical models were developed primarily in the 1960s and 1970s, but their use was more specialized and for regional needs, such as understanding smog formation in Los Angeles, California.
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